Caenorhabditis elegans males exhibit sterotypic and invariant mating behavior starting the moment the animal senses a hermaphrodite and ending with insemination. This complex behavior has been broken down into six steps or sub behaviors: male response to hermaphrodite contact, backwards movement along her body, sharply turning in a ventral coil upon reaching the head or tail, continued backing until his tail contacts the vulva (vulval location), spicule insertion, and ejaculation into the hermaphrodite uterus. Each of these sub behaviors have been molecularly dissected and it has been found that two of these sub behaviors, male response to hermaphrodite contact and vulval location involve similar molecules. In particular these behaviors involve cell autonomous signaling through LOV-1 and PKD-2, which are homologs of human polycystin kidney disease (PKD) associated genes PC-1 and PC-2 respectively. Studies in C. elegans have shown that these genes likely have a sensory function rather than structural or development role in the cilia of male sensory neurons. The identification and characterization of LOV-1 and PKD-2 in C. elegans has lead to insights and new avenues of inquiry in the study of human PKD polycystin pathways.b60d1beedf83PKD-2 phosphorylation state appears to modulate its function and ciliary localization, with S534A and S534D reflecting two extreme states.CK2-phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurin.eddLOV-1 localizes to intracellular membranesc81PKD-2 localizes to intracellular membranesFunctional localization of PKD-2 is in the ciliary plasma membrane and in intracellular membranePKD-2 degradation does not require K48 polyubiquitination and is likely due to STAM-1-Hrs-mediated degradation.c81e47c50UNC-101 acts at a somatodendritic sorting step to restrict PKFD-2, along with other ciliary receptors, to the dendritic compartment.eadkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddSTAM-1A specifically associates with the LOV-1 C-tailstam-1 and pkd-2 are clearly coexpressed in male-specific ciliated CEM, ray B-type(RnB), and hook HOB sensory neuronsSTAM-1A::GFP labels puncta and accumulates at ciliary bases, but is obviously excluded from the cilium proper of CEM, RnB and HOB neuronsSTAM-1A co-localizes at the ciliary base with LOV-1 and PKD-2STAM-1 and HGRS-1 expression completely overlaps in cell bodies and ciliary bases of polysystin-expressing neuronsSTAM-1A. but not STAM-1B, specifically acts in the polycystin down-regulation process.STAM-1A binds, sorts, and targets the polycystin complex for lysosomal degradationc50STAM-1 and RAB-5 collocate in the cell bodies and ciliary bases of polycystin-expressing neurons.c50STAM-1 and HGRS-1 expression completely overlaps in cell bodies and ciliary bases of polysystin-expressing neurons.c50PKD-2 is synthesized in the ER and packaged into vesicles that are transported to the ciliary base and inserted onto the ciliary membrane.eadASB-1 and ASG-2 localize to male-specific sensory cilia as well as mitochondria.c97OSM-5 localizes to cilia through its TPR repeats through intraflagellar transportdc2LOV-1 localized to cilia by CIL-1LOV-1 is expressed in male specific sensory neurons...with basodendritic subcellular localization in cell body and sensory endingslov-1 is exclusively expressed in three categories of adult male sensory neurons: the rays, the hook, and the head CEMslov-1 and pkd-2 are expressed in male-specific sensory neurons and are localized to the similar region of the same cell.lov-1 and atp-2 are coexpressed in the tail ray B neurons and HOB hook neuron...as well as the male-specific CEM head neurons.da8c81e47c97IFT Complex A poly peptides , DAF-10 and CHE-11 move and that motility is at the same rate as IFT Complex B polypeptides, OSM-1, OSM-5 and OSM-6, and KAP (a subunit of the kinesin motor).dc2cdePKD-2 localized to cilia by CIL-1PKD-2 GFP accumulates in a ring around the ciliary transition zones.Functional localization of PKD-2 is in the ciliary plasma membrane and in intracellular membranePKD-2 protein is hghly enriched in sensory cilia that are directly exposed to the environmentWithin the ciliary region, PKD-2::GFP is distributed throughout the cilium, but primarily concentrated at the ciliary base, which corresponds to the distal-most dendrite and transition zone regions.In wild-type adult males, PKD-2 is distributed along the ciliary axoneme and accumulates in the transition zone between the cilium and dendrite. <localization is developmentally regulated. > In ray neurons of wild-type late L4 males, the magority of the PKD-2 protein localizes to the tip of the cilium and around the transition zone, whereas the staining along the ciliary axoneme is weak.anti PKD-2 antibodies only label male-specific neuronslov-1 and pkd-2 are expressed in male-specific sensory neurons and are localized to the similar region of the same cell.da8c81e47eadeddATP-2 is identified as one candidate that physically interacts with the PLAT domain of LOV-1ATP-2 and other ATP synthase components were found to localize to the cilia of male-specific sensory neurons.ATP-2::GFP clearly colocalizes with PKD-2::DsRed2 in CEM cilia.ATP-2 physically interacts with LOV-1c97ASB-1 and ASG-2 localize to male-specific sensory cilia as well as mitochondria.c97ASB-1 and ASG-2 localize to male-specific sensory cilia as well as mitochondria.c97ASB-1 and ASG-2 localize to male-specific sensory cilia as well as mitochondria.c97kin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.CK2-phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurinCK2, lov-1, and pkd-2 act in the same genetic pathway regulating mating behavior.CK2 modulates PKD-2 function.PKD-2(S534) is one but not the only in vitro CK2 phosphorylation site.eddTAX-6::GFP also localizes to cilia of these polycystin-expressing neuronsCK and calcineurin/protein phosphatase 2B(PP2B) modulate PKD-2 function and ciliary localizationCK2 and calcineurin function antagonistically to regulate PKD-2 phosphorylation stateCK2 phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurinIn the male, we observed tax-6 expression in the CEM, HOB, and ray RnB neurons, with expression noticeably absent from ray 6, which is very similar to lov-1 and pkd-2 expression patternseddGFP-tagged STAM-1 fusion protein localized to cytoplasmic and dendritic puncta resembling endosomesc50PKD-2 is synthesized in the ER and packaged into vesicles that are transported to the ciliary base and inserted onto the ciliary membrane.eadPKD-2 is synthesized in the ER and packaged into vesicles that are transported to the ciliary base and inserted onto the ciliary membrane.eadUNC-101 acts at a somatodendritic sorting step to restrict PKFD-2, along with other ciliary receptors, to the dendritic compartment.eadkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddkin-3 and kin-10 are coexpressed with lov-1 and pkd-2 in the male-specific CEM head neurons and ray RnB and hook HOB tail neuronsKIN-3::GFP and KIN-10 GFP are enriched in cilia and also found in cell bodies (including nuclei), dendrites, and axons.eddPKD-2 phosphorylation state appears to modulate its function and ciliary localization, with S534A and S534D reflecting two extreme states.CK2-phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurin.eddPKD-2 phosphorylation state appears to modulate its function and ciliary localization, with S534A and S534D reflecting two extreme states.CK2-phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurin.eddPKD-2 degradation does not require K48 polyubiquitination and is likely due to STAM-1-Hrs-mediated degradation.c50da8CIL-1 localizes PKD-2 to the ciliaLOV-1 localizes PKD-2 to cilia in RnB and aids localization of PKD-2 in CEMda8Consitutive phophorylation of PKD-2 results in a loss of PKD-2 from cilia.eddCK2 phosphorylated PKD-2 is dephosphorylated by calcineurinPKD-2(S534) is one but not the only in vitro CK2 phosphorylation site.CIL-1 localizes LOV-1 to cilia.Type your comment hereda8LOV-1 localizes CWP-5 to neuronal ciliacdeIFT Complex A poly peptides DAF-10 and CHE-11 move at the same rate as IFT Complex B poly peptides OSM-5, OSM-1, and OSM-6. | OSM-5 undergoes anterograde and retrograde transport.dc2IFT Complex A poly peptides DAF-10 and CHE-11 move at the same rate as IFT Complex B poly peptides OSM-5, OSM-1, and OSM-6.dc2IFT Complex A poly peptides DAF-10 and CHE-11 move at the same rate as IFT Complex B poly peptides OSM-5, OSM-1, and OSM-6. | OSM-5 undergoes anterograde and retrograde transport.dc2IFT Complex A poly peptides DAF-10 and CHE-11 move at the same rate as IFT Complex B poly peptides OSM-5, OSM-1, and OSM-6. | OSM-5 undergoes anterograde and retrograde transport.dc2CK2lysosomes based pathway of protein degradationPW:0000182Pathway Ontologypolycystic kidney diseaseDOID:898Human Disease Ontologyprotein sorting pathwayPW:0000426Pathway Ontologyciliated cellCL:0000064Cell Ontology18050467PubMedMale mating behavior.WormBook2006Barr MMGarcia LR15947985PubMedMating worms and the cystic kidney: Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for renal disease.Pediatr Nephrol2005Lipton J21537177PubMedCaenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for kidney research: from cilia to mechanosensation and longevity.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens2011Müller RUZank SFabretti FBenzing T21586324PubMedPutative roles of cilia in polycystic kidney disease.Biochim Biophys Acta2011Winyard PJenkins D11553327PubMedThe Caenorhabditis elegans autosomal 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