Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (WP515)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine). The process is essentially the reversal of the glycolysis pathway. The pathway is particularly important in animals, as the production of glucose from other metabolites is necessary for use as a fuel source by the brain, testes, erythrocytes and kidney medulla, all of which can use only glucose as the energy source. Gluconeogenesis in animals is perfomed mostly in the liver. The pathway is carried by cytoplasmic enzymes to the level of glucose-6-phosphate. Since free glucose tends to freely diffuse out of the cell, actual glucose formation is carried out in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by gluocose-6-phosphatase . Glucose is then shuttled into the cytosol by glucose transporters. The main souces of carbon for gluconeogenesis in animals is lactate, formed in skeletal muscle cells during anaerobic glycolysis and carried to the liver in the blood stream. The conversion of glucose into lactate by glycolysis and back to glucose by gluconeogenesis is referred to as the Cori Cycle. Pathway summary from [http://biocyc.org/ MetaCyc]

Authors

Kdahlquist , Thomas Kelder , Alex Pico , Kristina Hanspers , Martina Summer-Kutmon , Egon Willighagen , Denise Slenter , and Eric Weitz

Activity

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Organisms

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

gluconeogenesis pathway glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway glycolysis pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001473
Acetaldehyde Metabolite cas:75-07-0
Pyruvate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000243
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001058
Glucose Metabolite wikidata:Q37525
Ethanol Metabolite cas:64-17-5
Malate Metabolite cas:6915-15-7
Acetate Metabolite cas:64-19-7
Acetyl-CoA Metabolite cas:72-89-9
Fructose-6-phosphate Metabolite cas:643-13-0
Glucose 6-phosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001401
Oxaloacetate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000223
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001112
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001270
3-Phosphoglycerate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000807
2-Phosphoglycerate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000362
Phosphoenolpyruvate Metabolite cas:138-08-9
ADH5 GeneProduct ensembl:YBR145W
TDH1 GeneProduct ensembl:YOR176W
MDH3 GeneProduct ensembl:YDL078C
GPM1 GeneProduct ensembl:YKL152C
PDC6 GeneProduct ensembl:YGR087C
HXK2 GeneProduct ensembl:YGL253W
PDB1 GeneProduct ensembl:YBR221C
ENO2 GeneProduct ensembl:YHR174W
ADH3 (mt) GeneProduct ensembl:YMR083W
PGI1 GeneProduct ensembl:YBR196C
PDC1 GeneProduct ensembl:YLR044C
LAT1 GeneProduct ensembl:YNL071W
ADH1 GeneProduct ensembl:YOL086C
FBA1 GeneProduct ensembl:YKL060C
PYK2 GeneProduct ensembl:YOR347C
ACS2 GeneProduct ensembl:YLR153C
PGK1 GeneProduct ensembl:YCR012W
ACS1 (mt) GeneProduct ensembl:YAL054C
TPI1 GeneProduct ensembl:YDR050C
PDC5 GeneProduct ensembl:YLR134W
GLK1 GeneProduct sgd:GLK1
ADH4 (mt) GeneProduct ensembl:YGL256W
PYC1 GeneProduct ensembl:YGL062W
ALD6 GeneProduct ensembl:YPL061W
TDH2 GeneProduct ensembl:YJR009C
PFK2 GeneProduct ensembl:YMR205C
MDH1 (mt) GeneProduct ensembl:YKL085W
TDH3 GeneProduct ensembl:YGR192C
PYC2 GeneProduct ensembl:YBR218C
PDX1 GeneProduct ensembl:YGR193C
ENO1 GeneProduct ensembl:YGR254W
LPD1 GeneProduct ensembl:YFL018C
PDA1 GeneProduct ensembl:YER178W
ALD4 (mt) GeneProduct ensembl:YOR374W
ADH2 GeneProduct ensembl:YMR303C
MDH2 GeneProduct ensembl:YOL126C
HXK1 GeneProduct ensembl:YFR053C
PCK1 GeneProduct sgd:PCK1
OAC1 GeneProduct ncbigene:853739
CDC19 GeneProduct ensembl:YAL038W
PFK1 GeneProduct ensembl:YGR240C
MAE1 GeneProduct ensembl:YKL029C
FBP1 GeneProduct ensembl:YLR377C

References

  1. Current concepts of gluconeogenesis. Eisenstein AB. Am J Clin Nutr. 1967 Mar;20(3):282–9. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Gluconeogenesis: pathways and hormonal regulation. Lardy HA. Harvey Lect. 1966;60:261–78. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Cori cycle activity in man. Waterhouse C, Keilson J. J Clin Invest. 1969 Dec;48(12):2359–66. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Identification of the yeast mitochondrial transporter for oxaloacetate and sulfate. Palmieri L, Vozza A, Agrimi G, De Marco V, Runswick MJ, Palmieri F, et al. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22184–90. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Recycling of glucose and determination of the Cori Cycle and gluconeogenesis. Katz J, Tayek JA. Am J Physiol. 1999 Sep;277(3):E401-7. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia