Elongation of (very) long chain fatty acids (WP4491)
Mus musculus
This pathway depicts the key steps in (very) long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, belonging to the n-10, 9 and 7 series (counting first double bond from the methyl side). These are mainly synthesised from palmitic acid (C16:0), which is produced by FAS (fatty acid synthase). The n-6 and 3 series can only be obtained from precursors in food. The elongation steps (addition of carbohydrates, increasing length of tail) are carried out by several Elovl-proteins. The desaturation (removal of hydrogens, creating double bonds within the tail) are possible by SCDs and Fads (where is position of the double bound addition is indicated after delta, counting from the COOH side).
Authors
Denise Slenter , Egon Willighagen , Conroy lipids , and Alex PicoActivity
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Organisms
Mus musculusCommunities
Annotations
Pathway Ontology
fatty acid elongation pathway fatty acid metabolic pathway fatty acid biosynthetic pathway| Label | Type | Compact URI | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| C18:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030120 | AKA Linoleic Acid |
| C16:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030267 | CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCC(=O)O C16:1 (omega-10)AKA Sapienic acid |
| C18:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030116 | CCCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCC(=O)O C18:2 (omega-7)(delta6)8Z,11Z-octadecadienoic acid |
| C20:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01031043 | CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O dihomoLinoleic Acid; C20:2 (omega 6) |
| Excess carbohydrates | Metabolite | wikidata:Q11358 | |
| C18:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030070 | CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(=O)O C18:1 (omega-10)cis-8-oleic acid, cis-8-octadecenoic acid |
| C16:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010001 | AKA Palmitic Acid |
| C18:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010018 | AKA Stearic acid |
| C20:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010020 | AKA Arachidic acid |
| C16:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030056 | CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCC(=O)O C16:1 (omega-9)AKA Palmitoleic acid |
| C18:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030076 | CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O C18:1 (omega-9)AKA Vaccenic acid |
| C16:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030273 | CCCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCC(=O)O C16:2 (omega-7)(delta6)6Z,9Z-hexadecadienoic acid |
| C20:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030384 | |
| C18:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030332 | CCCCCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCC(=O)O C18:2 (omega-9)(delta6)6Z,9Z-octadecadienoic acid |
| C20:2 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030377 | CCCCCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCC(=O)O C20:2 (omega-9)(delta6) |
| C20:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030381 | AKA Mead acidCCCCCCCCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCC(=O)O C20:2 (omega-9)(delta6)(delta5) |
| C22:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030411 | C(CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC)(=O)ODihomo Mead's acid |
| C18:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030002 | AKA oleic acid |
| C20:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030085 | cis-gondoic acidC20:1 (omega-9) aka eicosenoic acid |
| C22:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030089 | AKA Erucic acidCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O C22:1 (omega-9) |
| C24:1 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030092 | CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O C24:1 (omega-9)Nervonic acid |
| C22:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010022 | AKA Behenic Acid |
| C24:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010024 | AKA Lignoceric acid |
| C26:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010026 | Cerotic acid |
| C28:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010028 | AKA montanic acid (not mentioned in main article). |
| C30:0 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01010030 | AKA melissic acid or triacontanoic acid not mentioned in main article). |
| C18:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030152 | AKA alpha-linolenic acid |
| C18:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030141 | CCCCCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCC(=O)O gammaLinoleic Acid; C18:3 (omega 6)(delta6) |
| C18:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030344 | Pinolenic acid |
| C20:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030158 | bishomo-gamma-linolenic acid |
| C20:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030386 | Bishomopinolenic acid |
| C20:4 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030001 | AKA arachidonic acid |
| C22:4 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030178 | Adrenic acid |
| C24:4 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030819 | 9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-Tetracosatetraenoic acid |
| C24:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030820 | 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-tetracosapentaenoic acid |
| C22:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA04000064 | AKA Docosapentaenoic acid |
| C34:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030849 | 16Z,19Z,22Z,25Z,28Z-tetratriacontapentaenoic acid |
| C18:4 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030357 | CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCC(=O)O C18:4(omega 3)(delta6)Stearidonic acid |
| C20:4 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030818 | |
| C20:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030759 | AKA eicosapentaenoic acid |
| C22:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA04000044 | Clupanodonic acid; DPA |
| C24:5 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030821 | CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O C24:5(omega 3)(delta6)(delta5) |
| C24:6 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030822 | Nisinic acid; THA |
| C22:6 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030185 | AKA docosahexaenoic acid |
| C20:3 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030378 | Dihomo-alpha-linolenic acid |
| C34:6 | Metabolite | lipidmaps:LMFA01030842 | |
| Fas | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000025153 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Elovl3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000006390 | |
| Elovl7 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021696 | |
| Elovl6 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000041220 | |
| Elovl4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032262 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Elovl2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021364 | |
| Elovl2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021364 | |
| Elovl4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032262 | |
| Elovl2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021364 | |
| Elovl4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032262 | |
| Elovl2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021364 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Elovl5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| Elovl6 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000041220 | |
| Elovl5 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 | |
| Fads1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000010663 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| SCD3 | Protein | uniprot:Q99PL7 | |
| SCD1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000037071 | |
| SCD2 | Protein | uniprot:P13011 | |
| SCD4 | Protein | uniprot:Q6T707 | |
| Fads2 ? | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| SCD2 | Protein | uniprot:P13011 | |
| SCD4 | Protein | uniprot:Q6T707 | |
| SCD1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000037071 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000006390 | |
| Elovl7 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021696 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000006390 | |
| Elovl7 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021696 | |
| Elovl3 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000038754 | |
| Elovl1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000006390 | |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| delta-5 ? | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000010663 | |
| Fads1 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000010663 | |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| Fads2 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000024665 | Annotated for gene, since:'Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is encoded by the FADS2 gene, the associated enzyme is sometimes known as FADS2 as well.[5][6] Its main associated enzyme is Delta 6 desaturase (D6D) however the human enzyme been shown to also catalyze some delta-8 and delta-4 desaturases in spite of naming conventions.'(source: Wikipedia) |
| Elovl6 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000041220 | |
| Elovl5 | Protein | ensembl:ENSMUSG00000032349 |
References
- The key roles of elongases and desaturases in mammalian fatty acid metabolism: Insights from transgenic mice. Guillou H, Zadravec D, Martin PGP, Jacobsson A. Prog Lipid Res. 2010 Apr;49(2):186–99. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Evidence for an alternative fatty acid desaturation pathway increasing cancer plasticity. Vriens K, Christen S, Parik S, Broekaert D, Yoshinaga K, Talebi A, et al. Nature. 2019 Feb;566(7744):403–6. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia