Nuclear receptors in lipid metabolism and toxicity (WP431)

Mus musculus

Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that are activated upon binding to its ligands. Initially, they had been classified as classic endocrine nuclear hormone receptors and orphan receptors. However, further studies have led to the identification of lipid ligands for some of these adopted orphan receptors, which are responsible for lipid metabolism, storage or elimination. One of the characteristics of these receptors is that they act by forming heterodimers with retinoid X receptor (RXR). The receptors include peroxisome proliferators-Activated receptors (PPARs) for fatty acids, liver X receptor (LCR) for oxysterols, Farnesoid X receptors (FXR) for bile acids and steroid xenobiotic receptor/X receptor (SXR/PXR or Nsil2) for xenobiotics. Other orphan receptors also require RXR for its functions are vitamin D receptor (VDR) for vitamin D and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) for retinoid acids, although these receptors are not involved in lipid metabolism. Upon binding to various ligands, three classes of proteins are synthesized including lipid binding proteins, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and cytochrome P450 member proteins which catalyzes lipid anabolism, metabolism and elimination. In addition to lipid metabolism, some members of the cytochrome P450 family genes are responsible for activation of procarcinogens, detoxification of environmental toxins and metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. In particular, CAR, Nsil2 and recently identified VDR are important in up-regulation of these cytochromes. Of all the human cytochrome P450 genes, only a few CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 account for most toxicity effects, specifically CYP3A is responsible for clearing approximately half of the clinically prescribed drugs. For instance, acetaminophen, one of the most commonly used drug, is toxic in high doses due to the activation of CAR and the drugs subsequent conversion to acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) by CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A.

Authors

Sebastien Burel , Kristina Hanspers , Thomas Kelder , Daniela Digles , Martina Summer-Kutmon , and Egon Willighagen

Activity

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Organisms

Mus musculus

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

lipid metabolic pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
Fatty Acids Metabolite chebi:35366
Cholesterol Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000067
7-Dehydrocholesterol Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000032
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3s Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000969
Bile Acids Metabolite chebi:3098
Retinoic acid Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001852
Acetyl-CoA Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001206
Lanosterol Metabolite chebi:16521
Isoprenoids Metabolite chebi:24913
Abca1 GeneProduct ncbigene:11303
Ppara GeneProduct ncbigene:19013
Abcc2 GeneProduct ncbigene:12780
Pparg GeneProduct ncbigene:19016
Nr1i2 GeneProduct ncbigene:18171
Abcb11 GeneProduct ncbigene:27413
Rara GeneProduct ncbigene:19401
Cyp8b1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13124
Cyp1a2 GeneProduct ncbigene:13077
Abcg5 GeneProduct ncbigene:27409
Abcg1 GeneProduct ncbigene:11307
Cyp26a1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13082
Nr1i3 GeneProduct ncbigene:12355
Vdr GeneProduct ncbigene:22337
Abcc3 GeneProduct ncbigene:76408
Cyp2b10 GeneProduct ncbigene:13088
Cyp7a1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13122
Rarb GeneProduct ncbigene:218772
Cyp27b1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13115
Rarg GeneProduct ncbigene:19411
Cyp4b1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13120
Abcb4 GeneProduct ncbigene:18670
Cyp24a1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13081
Nr1h3 GeneProduct ncbigene:22259
Abcb1a GeneProduct ncbigene:18671
Nr1h4 GeneProduct ncbigene:20186 Farnesoid X-activated receptor
Cyp2e1 GeneProduct ncbigene:13106
Abcd2 GeneProduct ncbigene:26874
Ppard GeneProduct ncbigene:19015
Abcd3 GeneProduct ncbigene:19299

References