PPAR signaling pathway (WP3942)
Homo sapiens
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that are activated by fatty acids and their derivatives. PPAR has three subtypes (PPARalpha, beta/delta, and gamma) showing different expression patterns in vertebrates. Each of them is encoded in a separate gene and binds fatty acids and eicosanoids. PPARalpha plays a role in the clearance of circulating or cellular lipids via the regulation of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle. PPARbeta/delta is involved in lipid oxidation and cell proliferation. PPARgamma promotes adipocyte differentiation to enhance blood glucose uptake. Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP3942 CPTAC Assay Portal]
Authors
Kristina Hanspers and Denise SlenterActivity
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Cited In
- Stemness Analysis Uncovers That The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathway Can Mediate Fatty Acid Homeostasis In Sorafenib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells (2022).
- Effects of the Phytochemical Combination PB123 on Nrf2 Activation, Gene Expression, and the Cholesterol Pathway in HepG2 Cells (2022).
- Transcriptomic Profiling of Collagenous Colitis Identifies Hallmarks of Nondestructive Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2021).
- Introducing WikiPathways as a Data-Source to Support Adverse Outcome Pathways for Regulatory Risk Assessment of Chemicals and Nanomaterials (2018).
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Organisms
Homo sapiensCommunities
Annotations
Pathway Ontology
signaling pathway peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathwayCell Type Ontology
cell of skeletal muscle white fat cell| Label | Type | Compact URI | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| unsaturated fatty acids | Metabolite | chebi:27208 | |
| saturated fatty acids | Metabolite | chebi:26607 | |
| eicosanoid | Metabolite | chebi:23899 | |
| ciprofibrate | Metabolite | chebi:50867 | |
| NSAIDs | Metabolite | chebi:35475 | |
| 9-cis-Retinoic acid | Metabolite | hmdb:HMDB0002369 | |
| unsaturated fatty acids | Metabolite | chebi:27208 | |
| 9-cis-Retinoic acid | Metabolite | hmdb:HMDB0002369 | |
| unsaturated fatty acids | Metabolite | chebi:27208 | |
| eicosanoid | Metabolite | chebi:23899 | |
| NSAIDs | Metabolite | chebi:35475 | |
| Thiazolidine derivative | Metabolite | chebi:35622 | |
| 9-cis-Retinoic acid | Metabolite | hmdb:HMDB0002369 | |
| ACAA1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000060971 | Original kegg element: gene;21;mmu:113868 mmu:235674Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:235674 |
| PPARD | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000112033 | Original kegg element: gene;16;mmu:19015Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:19015 |
| PPARG | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000132170 | Original kegg element: gene;18;mmu:19016Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:19016 |
| PCK2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000100889 | Original kegg element: gene;9;mmu:18534 mmu:74551Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:74551 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:666168 |
| CYP8B1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000180432 | Original kegg element: gene;58;mmu:13124Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13124 |
| UCP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000109424 | Original kegg element: gene;66;mmu:22227Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:22227 |
| SLC27A1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000130304 | Original kegg element: gene;36;mmu:26457 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26457 |
| HMGCS2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000134240 | Original kegg element: gene;37;mmu:15360Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:15360 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13117 |
| RXRB | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000204231 | Original kegg element: gene;17;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20182 |
| AQP7 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000165269 | Original kegg element: gene;7;mmu:11832Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11832 |
| SCD | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000099194 | Original kegg element: gene;55;mmu:20249 mmu:20250 mmu:30049 mmu:329065Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20250 |
| ACOX1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000161533 | Original kegg element: gene;42;mmu:11430 mmu:80911 mmu:93732Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11430 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13118 |
| SCD | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000099194 | Original kegg element: gene;55;mmu:20249 mmu:20250 mmu:30049 mmu:329065Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:30049 |
| SCD | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000099194 | Original kegg element: gene;55;mmu:20249 mmu:20250 mmu:30049 mmu:329065Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:329065 |
| NR1H3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000025434 | Original kegg element: gene;59;mmu:22259Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:22259 |
| RXRA | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000186350 | Original kegg element: gene;19;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20181 |
| ACSBG2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000130377 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:328845 |
| FABP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000163586 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14080 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13119 |
| RXRG | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000143171 | Original kegg element: gene;19;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20183 |
| RXRB | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000204231 | Original kegg element: gene;19;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20182 |
| ACSL6 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000164398 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:216739 |
| ANGPTL4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000167772 | Original kegg element: gene;41;mmu:57875Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:57875 |
| CYP27A1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000135929 | Original kegg element: gene;60;mmu:104086Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:104086 |
| ACSL3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000123983 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:74205 |
| FABP7 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000164434 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12140 |
| ACADM | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000117054 | Original kegg element: gene;22;mmu:11364Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11364 |
| CPT1B | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000205560 | Original kegg element: gene;27;mmu:12894 mmu:12895 mmu:78070Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12895 |
| CPT1C | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000169169 | Original kegg element: gene;27;mmu:12894 mmu:12895 mmu:78070Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:78070 |
| RXRA | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000186350 | Original kegg element: gene;15;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20181 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:277753 |
| FABP3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000121769 | Original kegg element: gene;32;mmu:14077Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14077 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:100040843 |
| FABP2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000145384 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14079 |
| ACSL4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000068366 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:50790 |
| DBI | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000155368 | Original kegg element: gene;63;mmu:13167Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13167 |
| SLC27A2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000140284 | Original kegg element: gene;12;mmu:225579 mmu:26457 mmu:26458 mmu:26459 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26458 |
| SLC27A4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000167114 | Original kegg element: gene;36;mmu:26457 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26569 |
| APOA2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000158874 | Original kegg element: gene;46;mmu:11807Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11807 |
| CD36 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000135218 | Original kegg element: gene;31;mmu:12491Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12491 |
| SLC27A1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000130304 | Original kegg element: gene;12;mmu:225579 mmu:26457 mmu:26458 mmu:26459 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26457 |
| FABP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000163586 | Original kegg element: gene;44;mmu:14080Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14080 |
| ME1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000065833 | Original kegg element: gene;65;mmu:17436Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:17436 |
| ADIPOQ | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000181092 | Original kegg element: gene;53;mmu:11450Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11450 |
| APOC3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000110245 | Original kegg element: gene;57;mmu:11814Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11814 |
| ACSL5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000197142 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:433256 |
| FABP4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000170323 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11770 |
| PPARA | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000186951 | Original kegg element: gene;14;mmu:19013Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:19013 |
| FADS2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000134824 | Original kegg element: gene;56;mmu:56473Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:56473 |
| RXRG | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000143171 | Original kegg element: gene;15;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20183 |
| CYP7A1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000167910 | Original kegg element: gene;33;mmu:13122Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:13122 |
| PLTP | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000100979 | Original kegg element: gene;47;mmu:18830Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18830 |
| GK3P | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000229894 | Original kegg element: gene;8;mmu:14626 mmu:14933Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14933 |
| PLIN1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000166819 | Original kegg element: gene;10;mmu:103968Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:103968 |
| SLC27A5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000083807 | Original kegg element: gene;12;mmu:225579 mmu:26457 mmu:26458 mmu:26459 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26459 |
| ACOX3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000087008 | Original kegg element: gene;42;mmu:11430 mmu:80911 mmu:93732Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:80911 |
| APOA5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000110243 | Original kegg element: gene;64;mmu:66113Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:66113 |
| ACOX2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000168306 | Original kegg element: gene;42;mmu:11430 mmu:80911 mmu:93732Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:93732 |
| PCK1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000124253 | Original kegg element: gene;9;mmu:18534 mmu:74551Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18534 |
| CPT2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000157184 | Original kegg element: gene;26;mmu:12896Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12896 |
| ACSL1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000151726 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14081 |
| FABP6 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000170231 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:16204 |
| RXRB | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000204231 | Original kegg element: gene;15;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20182 |
| MMP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000196611 | Original kegg element: gene;39;mmu:83995 mmu:83996Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:83996 |
| OLR1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000173391 | Original kegg element: gene;29;mmu:108078Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:108078 |
| SLC27A4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000167114 | Original kegg element: gene;12;mmu:225579 mmu:26457 mmu:26458 mmu:26459 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:26569 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:230639 |
| CD36 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000135218 | Original kegg element: gene;11;mmu:12491Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12491 |
| MMP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000196611 | Original kegg element: gene;39;mmu:83995 mmu:83996Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:83995 |
| SLC27A6 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000113396 | Original kegg element: gene;12;mmu:225579 mmu:26457 mmu:26458 mmu:26459 mmu:26569Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:225579 |
| CYP4A11 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000187048 | Original kegg element: gene;24;mmu:100040843 mmu:13117 mmu:13118 mmu:13119 mmu:230639 mmu:277753 mmu:435802 mmu:640109 mmu:666168Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:435802 |
| ACSBG1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000103740 | Original kegg element: gene;28;mmu:14081 mmu:216739 mmu:328845 mmu:433256 mmu:50790 mmu:74205 mmu:94180Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:94180 |
| SCP2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000116171 | Original kegg element: gene;20;mmu:20280Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20280 |
| SCD | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000099194 | Original kegg element: gene;55;mmu:20249 mmu:20250 mmu:30049 mmu:329065Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20249 |
| LPL | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000175445 | Original kegg element: gene;30;mmu:16956Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:16956 |
| ILK | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000166333 | Original kegg element: gene;43;mmu:16202Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:16202 |
| APOA1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000118137 | Original kegg element: gene;61;mmu:11806Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11806 |
| GK2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000196475 | Original kegg element: gene;8;mmu:14626 mmu:14933Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14626 |
| FABP3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000121769 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:14077 |
| RXRG | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000143171 | Original kegg element: gene;17;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20183 |
| CPT1A | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000110090 | Original kegg element: gene;27;mmu:12894 mmu:12895 mmu:78070Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12894 |
| RXRA | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000186350 | Original kegg element: gene;17;mmu:20181 mmu:20182 mmu:20183Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20181 |
| SORBS1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000095637 | Original kegg element: gene;38;mmu:20411Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:20411 |
| FABP4 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000170323 | Original kegg element: gene;40;mmu:11770Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11770 |
| FABP5 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000164687 | Original kegg element: gene;13;mmu:11770 mmu:12140 mmu:14077 mmu:14079 mmu:14080 mmu:16204 mmu:16592Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:16592 |
| EHHADH | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000113790 | Original kegg element: gene;25;mmu:74147Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:74147 |
| PDPK1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000140992 | Original kegg element: gene;45;mmu:18607Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18607 |
| ACADL | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000115361 | Original kegg element: gene;23;mmu:11363Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11363 |
| ACAA1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000060971 | Original kegg element: gene;21;mmu:113868 mmu:235674Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:113868 |
References
- PPARs-mediated intracellular signal transduction. Fujii H. Nihon Rinsho. 2005 Apr;63(4):565–71. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia