Flowering time pathway (WP2625)

Hordeum vulgare

Open in new tab
Download PNG Download SVG Download JSON Download GPML Learn more about Downloads
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a cereal species with major economic and agricultural impact, is a facultative long-day plant, i.e. it flowers earlier in response to long days than to short days. Flowering time genes of the photoperiod, vernalization and circadian clock pathways are best studied in barley. The Ppd-H1 gene, a pseudo-response regulator gene, is thought to be key for flowering induction under long days. Further important genes which convey flowering in barley under both photoperiods are homologs of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO). Flowering in response to vernalization is economically important in temperate cereals like barley and wheat and is controlled by the interaction of Vrn-H1 and Vrn-H2.

Authors

Alex Pico , Martina Bluemel , Friederike Ehrhart , Eric Weitz , Lars Willighagen , and Egon Willighagen

Activity

last edited

Discuss this pathway

Check for ongoing discussions or start your own.

Cited In

Are you planning to include this pathway in your next publication? See How to Cite and add a link here to your paper once it's online.

Organisms

Hordeum vulgare

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

signaling pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
HvCEN GeneProduct uniprot:K7QT26
HvLUX1 GeneProduct ena.embl:AK357505
VRN-H1 GeneProduct None MADS-box transcription factor
Chromosome: 5H
HvCO2 GeneProduct uniprot:Q8L581 Chromosome: 6H
HvCO9 GeneProduct None
HvFT2 GeneProduct uniprot:A0S6X4 Chromosome: 3H
HvCO1 GeneProduct None Chromosome: 7H
VRN-H3(HvFT1) GeneProduct None Chromosome: 7H
Ppd-H1(HvPRR7) GeneProduct None pseudo-response regulator gene
Chromosome: 2H
HvELF3(Eam8) GeneProduct None
HvFT4 GeneProduct None Chromosome: 2H
VRN-H2 GeneProduct None zinc finger motif and CCT domain
Chromosome: 4H
HvGI GeneProduct None

References

  1. Molecular characterization of the allelic variation at the VRN-H2 vernalization locus in barley. Dubcovsky J, Chen C, Yan L. Mol Breeding [Internet]. 2005 May;15(4):395–407. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-005-0084-6 DOI Scholia
  2. The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G, Laurie DA. Plant Physiol. 2003 Apr;131(4):1855–67. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA. Theor Appl Genet. 2005 Mar;110(5):925–31. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Molecular and structural characterization of barley vernalization genes. von Zitzewitz J, Szucs P, Dubcovsky J, Yan L, Francia E, Pecchioni N, et al. Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;59(3):449–67. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Turner A, Beales J, Faure S, Dunford RP, Laurie DA. Science. 2005 Nov 11;310(5750):1031–4. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Validation of the VRN-H2/VRN-H1 epistatic model in barley reveals that intron length variation in VRN-H1 may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity. Szucs P, Skinner JS, Karsai I, Cuesta-Marcos A, Haggard KG, Corey AE, et al. Mol Genet Genomics. 2007 Mar;277(3):249–61. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Yan L, Fu D, Li C, Blechl A, Tranquilli G, Bonafede M, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19581–6. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. The FLOWERING LOCUS T-like gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Faure S, Higgins J, Turner A, Laurie DA. Genetics. 2007 May;176(1):599–609. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Effects of photo and thermo cycles on flowering time in barley: a genetical phenomics approach. Karsai I, Szucs P, Koszegi B, Hayes PM, Casas A, Bedo Z, et al. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(10):2707–15. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Population-based resequencing reveals that the flowering time adaptation of cultivated barley originated east of the Fertile Crescent. Jones H, Leigh FJ, Mackay I, Bower MA, Smith LMJ, Charles MP, et al. Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Oct;25(10):2211–9. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Molecular and functional characterization of PEBP genes in barley reveal the diversification of their roles in flowering. Kikuchi R, Kawahigashi H, Ando T, Tonooka T, Handa H. Plant Physiol. 2009 Mar;149(3):1341–53. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  12. Identification and molecular characterization of a Brachypodium distachyon GIGANTEA gene: functional conservation in monocot and dicot plants. Hong SY, Lee S, Seo PJ, Yang MS, Park CM. Plant Mol Biol. 2010 Mar;72(4–5):485–97. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  13. Association of barley photoperiod and vernalization genes with QTLs for flowering time and agronomic traits in a BC2DH population and a set of wild barley introgression lines. Wang G, Schmalenbach I, von Korff M, Léon J, Kilian B, Rode J, et al. Theor Appl Genet. 2010 May;120(8):1559–74. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Expression analysis of vernalization and day-length response genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) indicates that VRNH2 is a repressor of PPDH2 (HvFT3) under long days. Casao MC, Igartua E, Karsai I, Lasa JM, Gracia MP, Casas AM. J Exp Bot. 2011 Mar;62(6):1939–49. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  15. Genome-wide SNPs and re-sequencing of growth habit and inflorescence genes in barley: implications for association mapping in germplasm arrays varying in size and structure. Cuesta-Marcos A, Szucs P, Close TJ, Filichkin T, Muehlbauer GJ, Smith KP, et al. BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 15;11:707. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  16. Comprehensive sequence analysis of 24,783 barley full-length cDNAs derived from 12 clone libraries. Matsumoto T, Tanaka T, Sakai H, Amano N, Kanamori H, Kurita K, et al. Plant Physiol. 2011 May;156(1):20–8. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  17. The differential expression of HvCO9, a member of the CONSTANS-like gene family, contributes to the control of flowering under short-day conditions in barley. Kikuchi R, Kawahigashi H, Oshima M, Ando T, Handa H. J Exp Bot. 2012 Jan;63(2):773–84. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  18. Adaptation of barley to mild winters: a role for PPDH2. Casao MC, Karsai I, Igartua E, Gracia MP, Veisz O, Casas AM. BMC Plant Biol. 2011 Nov 18;11:164. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  19. Induced mutations in circadian clock regulator Mat-a facilitated short-season adaptation and range extension in cultivated barley. Zakhrabekova S, Gough SP, Braumann I, Müller AH, Lundqvist J, Ahmann K, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 13;109(11):4326–31. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  20. Mutation at the circadian clock gene EARLY MATURITY 8 adapts domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) to short growing seasons. Faure S, Turner AS, Gruszka D, Christodoulou V, Davis SJ, von Korff M, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 22;109(21):8328–33. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  21. Expression conservation within the circadian clock of a monocot: natural variation at barley Ppd-H1 affects circadian expression of flowering time genes, but not clock orthologs. Campoli C, Shtaya M, Davis SJ, von Korff M. BMC Plant Biol. 2012 Jun 21;12:97. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  22. A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome. International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium, Mayer KFX, Waugh R, Brown JWS, Schulman A, Langridge P, et al. Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):711–6. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  23. Natural variation in a homolog of Antirrhinum CENTRORADIALIS contributed to spring growth habit and environmental adaptation in cultivated barley. Comadran J, Kilian B, Russell J, Ramsay L, Stein N, Ganal M, et al. Nat Genet. 2012 Dec;44(12):1388–92. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia