Glycogen metabolism (WP1073)

Bos taurus

Glycogen is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues. Within skeletal muscle and liver glucose is stored as glycogen. In the liver, glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated to maintain blood-glucose levels as required to meet the needs of the organism as a whole. In contrast, in muscle, these processes are regulated to meet the energy needs of the muscle itself. Glycogen synthesis Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic. This means that glycogen synthesis requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from UTP, which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in reaction catalyzed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose by the enzyme glycogen synthase, which progressively lengthens the glycogen chain with (a1->4) bonded glucose. As glycogen synthase can only lengthen an existing chain, the protein glycogenin is needed to initiate the synthesis of glycogen. The glycogen-branching enzyme, amylo (a1->4) to (a1->6) transglycosylase, catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of 6-7 glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains. Glycogen degradation Glycogen degradation consists of three steps: (1) the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen, (2) the remodeling of the glycogen substrate to permit further degradation, and (3) the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate for further metabolism. Information partly derived from "Biochemistry" by Stryer and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen Wikipedia].

Authors

Alex Pico , Christine Chichester , Martina Summer-Kutmon , Denise Slenter , Eric Weitz , and Egon Willighagen

Activity

last edited

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Organisms

Bos taurus

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

glycogen metabolic pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
Glycogen Metabolite cas:9005-79-2
cAMP Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000058
Glycogen (n+1) Metabolite cas:9005-79-2
Glucose-1-phosphate Metabolite cas:59-56-3
UDP-glucose Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000286
Glucose 1-phosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001586
Glucose Metabolite wikidata:Q37525
Glucose-6-phosphate Metabolite cas:56-73-5
PYGM GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001032 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5837
PPP2CB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009245 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5516
PHKB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004806 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5257
GYS2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013333 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2998
PPP2R5B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007061 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5526
PHKG2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003417 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5261
PPP2R5C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020192 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5527
PHKA1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015848 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5255
PPP2R2C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020598 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5522
PYGB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004625 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5834
UGP2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000111 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7360
GYS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000039958 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2997
GSK3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020756 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2931
PPP2R3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000023416 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5523
GYG1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001721 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2992
PPP2R1A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019851 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5518
PPP2R5E GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019784 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5529
PPP2CA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000469 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5515
GYG2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013341 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8908
PPP2R5D GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005533 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5528
PPP2R2B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001862 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5521
AGL GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006491 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:178
PPP2R5A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000754 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5525
PPP2R3B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000046338 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:28227
PHKA2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015355 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5256
PPP2R2A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018317 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5520
GSK3B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000048057 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2932
PHKG1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008195 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5260
PPP2R1B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020277 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5519
GBE1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000036262 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2632
PGM1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019011 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5236
PPP2R4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001933 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5524
PYGL GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011494 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5836

References

  1. Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell. Moses SW, Bashan N, Gutman A. Blood. 1972 Dec;40(6):836–43. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia