Endochondral ossification (WP1065)

Bos taurus

Endochondral ossification is the process by which the embryonic cartilaginous model of most bones contributes to longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone. During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes proliferate, undergo hypertrophy and die; the cartilage extracellular matrix they construct is then invaded by blood vessels, osteoclasts, bone marrow cells and osteoblasts, the last of which deposit bone on remnants of cartilage matrix. The sequential changes in chondrocyte behaviour are tightly regulated by both systemic factors and locally secreted factors, which act on receptors to effect intracellular signalling and activation of chondrocyte-selective transcription factors. Systemic factors that regulate the behaviour of chondrocytes in growth cartilage include growth hormone and thyroid hormone, and the local secreted factors include Indian hedgehog, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, fibroblast growth factors and components of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Transcription factors that play critical roles in regulation of chondrocyte gene expression under the control of these extracellular factors include Runx2, Sox9 and MEF2C. The invasion of cartilage matrix by the ossification front is dependent on its resorption by members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, as well as the presence of blood vessels and bone-resorbing osteoclast (Mackie et al.)

Authors

Alex Pico , Egon Willighagen , Martina Summer-Kutmon , Susan Coort , and Eric Weitz

Activity

last edited

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Organisms

Bos taurus

Communities

Annotations

Cell Type Ontology

chondrocyte osteoclast obsolete osteochondroclast

Pathway Ontology

regulatory pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
Oxygen Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001377
Triiodothyronine Metabolite chebi:24864
Thyroid hormone Metabolite chebi:60311
cAMP Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000058
ALPL GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008951 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:249
SPP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005260 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6696
FGFR3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007164 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2261
MMP13 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015059 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4322
ACAN GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016158 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:176
BMPR-IA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000231 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:657
IHH GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008452 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3549
FGFR1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015457 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2260
IGF2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013066 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3481
BMP6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019234 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:654
IGF-I GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011082 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3479
SLC38A2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011105 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:54407
TGFB1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020457 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7040
CAB39 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000040055 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:51719
MEF2C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020701 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4208
COL2A1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013155 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1280
ADAMTS5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000648 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:11096
RUNX3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019800 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:864
PTH GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019080 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5741
FGF18 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000128 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8817
SCIN GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009786 PMID: 17097081
HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:85477
RUNX2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004104 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:860
FGF2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005691 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2247
SOX6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000044185 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:55553
PTCH1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000048213 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5727
ENPP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021830 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5167
PRKACA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006642 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5566
KIF3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000025477 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:11127
CHST11 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010644 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:50515
TGFB2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005359 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7042
AKT1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017636 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:207
GLI3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010671 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2737
HMGCS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011839 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3157
VEGFA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000047561 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7422
MMP9 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020676 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4318
SERPINH1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001027 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:871
BMP7 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015362 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:655
CDKN1C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000031184 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1028
SOX9 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000045824 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6662
THRA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010745 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7067
STAT1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007867 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6772
ADAMTS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000706 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9510
GHR GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001335 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2690
PLAU GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005947 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5328
STAT5B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010125 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6777
COL10A1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003078 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1300
ADAMTS4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013210 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9507
IGF1R GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021527 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3480
IFT88 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000014286 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8100
DDR2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004885 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4921
NKX3-2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010896 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:579
CST3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000598 Taken as human homologue of mouse Cst10
PMID: 13679380
HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1473
FRZB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010977 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2487
PLAT GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001244 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5327
HDAC4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017764 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9759
PTHLH GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006538 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5744
PTH1R GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016948 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5745
SOX5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000022360 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6660
TIMP3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020638 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7078

References

  1. Endochondral ossification: how cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton. Mackie EJ, Ahmed YA, Tatarczuch L, Chen KS, Mirams M. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(1):46–62. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. A microarray approach for comparative expression profiling of the discrete maturation zones of mouse growth plate cartilage. Belluoccio D, Bernardo BC, Rowley L, Bateman JF. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 May;1779(5):330–40. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia