DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase, or the synthesis phase, of the cell cycle. The cell duplicates its hereditary material, and two copies of the chromosome are formed. As DNA replication continues, the E type cyclins shared by the G1 and S phases, are destroyed and the levels of the mitotic cyclins rise.
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Litovchick L, Sadasivam S, Florens L, Zhu X, Swanson SK, Velmurugan S, Chen R, Washburn MP, Liu XS, DeCaprio JA.; ''Evolutionarily conserved multisubunit RBL2/p130 and E2F4 protein complex represses human cell cycle-dependent genes in quiescence.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Vigo E, Müller H, Prosperini E, Hateboer G, Cartwright P, Moroni MC, Helin K.; ''CDC25A phosphatase is a target of E2F and is required for efficient E2F-induced S phase.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Zhang J, Shi X, Li Y, Kim BJ, Jia J, Huang Z, Yang T, Fu X, Jung SY, Wang Y, Zhang P, Kim ST, Pan X, Qin J.; ''Acetylation of Smc3 by Eco1 is required for S phase sister chromatid cohesion in both human and yeast.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Jackman M, Kubota Y, den Elzen N, Hagting A, Pines J.; ''Cyclin A- and cyclin E-Cdk complexes shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Aprelikova O, Xiong Y, Liu ET.; ''Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Patel P, Asbach B, Shteyn E, Gomez C, Coltoff A, Bhuyan S, Tyner AL, Wagner R, Blain SW.; ''Brk/Protein tyrosine kinase 6 phosphorylates p27KIP1, regulating the activity of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Carrano AC, Eytan E, Hershko A, Pagano M.; ''SKP2 is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Galaktionov K, Chen X, Beach D.; ''Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Nishiyama T, Ladurner R, Schmitz J, Kreidl E, Kreidl E, Schleiffer A, Bhaskara V, Bando M, Shirahige K, Hyman AA, Mechtler K, Peters JM.; ''Sororin mediates sister chromatid cohesion by antagonizing Wapl.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Guo Y, Yang K, Harwalkar J, Nye JM, Mason DR, Garrett MD, Hitomi M, Stacey DW.; ''Phosphorylation of cyclin D1 at Thr 286 during S phase leads to its proteasomal degradation and allows efficient DNA synthesis.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Sarshad AA, Corcoran M, Al-Muzzaini B, Borgonovo-Brandter L, Von Euler A, Lamont D, Visa N, Percipalle P.; ''Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β phosphorylates and protects nuclear myosin 1c from proteasome-mediated degradation to activate rDNA transcription in early G1 cells.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Viglietto G, Motti ML, Bruni P, Melillo RM, D'Alessio A, Califano D, Vinci F, Chiappetta G, Tsichlis P, Bellacosa A, Fusco A, Santoro M.; ''Cytoplasmic relocalization and inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) by PKB/Akt-mediated phosphorylation in breast cancer.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Gordillo M, Vega H, Trainer AH, Hou F, Sakai N, Luque R, Kayserili H, Basaran S, Skovby F, Hennekam RC, Uzielli ML, Schnur RE, Manouvrier S, Chang S, Blair E, Hurst JA, Forzano F, Meins M, Simola KO, Raas-Rothschild A, Schultz RA, McDaniel LD, Ozono K, Inui K, Zou H, Jabs EW.; ''The molecular mechanism underlying Roberts syndrome involves loss of ESCO2 acetyltransferase activity.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Zhou BP, Liao Y, Xia W, Spohn B, Lee MH, Hung MC.; ''Cytoplasmic localization of p21Cip1/WAF1 by Akt-induced phosphorylation in HER-2/neu-overexpressing cells.''; PubMedEurope PMC
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Hou F, Zou H.; ''Two human orthologues of Eco1/Ctf7 acetyltransferases are both required for proper sister-chromatid cohesion.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Ganoth D, Bornstein G, Ko TK, Larsen B, Tyers M, Pagano M, Hershko A.; ''The cell-cycle regulatory protein Cks1 is required for SCF(Skp2)-mediated ubiquitinylation of p27.''; PubMedEurope PMC
Gu Y, Rosenblatt J, Morgan DO.; ''Cell cycle regulation of CDK2 activity by phosphorylation of Thr160 and Tyr15.''; PubMedEurope PMC
In this final phase of mitosis, new membranes are formed around two sets of chromatids and two daughter cells are formed. The chromosomes and the spindle fibers disperse, and the fiber ring around the center of the cell, composed of actin, contracts, pinching the cell into two daughter cells.
The dissolution of the nuclear membrane marks the beginning of the prometaphase. Kinetochores are created when proteins attach to the centromeres. Microtubules then attach at the kinetochores, and the chromosomes begin to move to the metaphase plate.
The actual synthesis of DNA occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. This includes the initiation of DNA replication, when the first nucleotide of the new strand is laid down during the synthesis of the primer. The DNA replication preinitiation events begin in late M or early G1 phase.
The pRB C-terminus contains a cluster of seven candidate in vivo cdk phosphorylation sites (residues 795, 807, 811, 821, and 826) and is phosphorylated in vitro by cyclin A, cyclin E, and cyclin D-associated kinases.
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A:Cdk2:p21/p27
complexChromosomal
Arms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPALphospho-(T286)
Cyclin D1Annotated Interactions