3, 7-11, 13...3, 7-11, 13...3, 7-11, 13...425, 6, 12, 13, 163, 7-11, 13...123, 7-11, 13...4223, 7-11, 13...3, 7-11, 13...1411Alkylating agentsG2–MCheckpointCell-cyclearrestSenescenceCell survivalApoptosisDNA adductBulky DNA lesionChromatin alterationG1/S transitionG2/M checkpoint arrestROSEndogenous:Collapsed replication forksSingle stranded DNA replication breaksFree radicals (ROS)Blocked replicationDNA repairDNA repair and damage preventionUCN-017-hydroxystaurosporineSpecialized:Somatic hypermutaionV(D)J recombinationClass switchingChromatinremodellingBlocked transcriptionReplication stressExogenous:Cigarette SmokeCaffeineRadiation (UV)ClastogenesHypoxiaGenotoxic drugsDouble-strand breaksCell-cycle progressionROSG2/M transitionHUS1TNFRSF10BPRKDCCASP3FASH2AFXBRCA1NBNGADD45ACHEK2CCND1RAD51CDK4GADD45GATRGADD45BSMC1ACDC2BIDCASP9TP53RAD1RB1CDC25AGADD45BCaffeineDDB2RAD17MRE11CCNB3ABL1SESN1CREBAPAF1CDKN1BRAD9AGADD45AATMTLK2TP53AIP1CDC25CCYCSE2F1CASP8CCNB1TLK1PMLCDK6CCND3PIDDRFCCDK2PMAIP1RAD50RPA2GADD45GBAXBBC3CDK5CDKN1ACCND2c-MycSFNFANCD2CCNE2CCNB2EstradiolCCNE1E2F1RRM2BRAD52ATRIPCHEK1RB1