52, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...1, 16166191452, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...1, 1662, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...66662, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...952, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...63, 4, 10, 13, 1512, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...14614142, 7, 8, 11-13, 17...1, 16166691, 161, 1666ROSCellInhibitionExogenous:Cigarette SmokeCaffeineRadiation (UV)ClastogenesHypoxiaGenotoxic drugsActivationCell-cycle progressionG2/M transitionSenescenceG2/M checkpointAlkylating agentsReplication stressSpecialized:Somatic hypermutaionV(D)J recombinationClass switchingBulky DNA lesionApoptosisExtral cellularSpaceCell-cycleCaption:G1/S transitionDifferent pathwaymitoch-ondrionG2–MCheckpointBlocked transcriptionDNA damage ATM dependentDNA damage sourceChromatinremodellingEndogenous:Collapsed replication forksSingle stranded DNA replication breaksFree radicals (ROS)Chromatin alterationBlocked replicationROSDNA adductDouble-strand breaksGene productDNA repair and damage preventionMembraneMetaboliteCell survivalChange in the Cell conditionDNA repairRAD1MRE11GADD45GAPAF1CDKN1BRB1RAD9ACaffeineSFNSMC1ACDC25ARB1GADD45BDDB2TLK1RFCCDC2PRKDCCCNB3HUS1E2F1RAD51CDK6GADD45GGADD45BCCNB1H2AFXFANCD2CDK2FASATRIPATMBBC3CCND2RRM2BCCND1TLK2TP53AIP1PIDDCASP3ABL1PML7-hydroxystaurosporineGADD45Ac-MycCASP9RPA2CCNE1RAD50CDK5CHEK1BIDCDKN1AE2F1EstradiolTNFRSF10BRAD17CASP8BAXRAD52CHEK2CDC25CPMAIP1CREBBRCA1CCND3CYCSGADD45AATRTP53CCNB2NBNSESN1CDK4CCNE2